Uroplakin 3a monoclonal antibody

The asymmetric unit membrane (AUM) forms numerous plaques, which cover the apical surface of the urothelium. These plaques are thought to strengthen the urothelium and reduce the risk of rupturing during bladder distention. They are composed of four major integral membrane proteins called uroplakins (UP). The uroplakin family comprises UPIa, UPIb, UPII and UPIII. Family members are conserved among several species, including human, mouse, rat, rabbit, canine, porcine and ovine. UPIa and UPIb form tightly packed structures with UPII and UPIII, respectively. This pairing is required for normal urothelial plaque formation and is regulated by proteolytic processing of the uroplakin proteins. Uroplakins are expressed in normal urothelium and are used as specific markers of urothelial differentiation. They are also expressed in a majority of transitional cell carcinomas of the bladder (TCCs), which make the uroplakins a useful marker for detecting bladder cancer metastasis and for staging and monitoring chemotherapeutic response.